The sovereign individual: how to survive and thrive during the collapse of the welfare state pdf9/15/2023 ![]() In the UK, the Welfare Reform Act 2012 introduced an under-occupancy penalty (the bedroom tax), which reduced the benefit paid to claimants in social housing if they were deemed to have too much living space (Gibb, 2015). At the same time as social safety nets were being disassembled, states pursued new modes of governance and regulation, which bore down on the poorest, most vulnerable sections of society (Koch and James, 2020). Such was the scale of the reforms and cutbacks in some states that it became increasingly difficult to know what elements of welfare states remained and if their objectives had anything to do with reducing poverty and with offsetting the worst effects of inequality. ![]() Throughout the period of austerity, projects of welfare reform already underway in many different countries gained momentum (Muehlebach, 2016 Cummins, 2018 Koch and James, 2020).
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